Production, a socially defined activity, involves producing those objects which are deemed valuable by the society. Thus it is the society which determines what is valuable and what is to be produced. A product, thus, is an object which is socially valuable. It has value in use and value in exchange.
Production and Social Factors : Human beings are in the process of social production which includes society, culture, religion, economic production and they are linked with economic production. Nature also plays role in affecting the type of social relations that get develop in any kind of society. Since production is a social activity, people enter into definite relations during the production process which are guided by the ownership rules of the resources.
An illustration is provided in the case of Mundas of Ranchi district in Jharkhand. Traditionally these tribals practised slash and burn agriculture, that is cultivating on the patch of forest land which was cleared by burning. The anthropologist N.K. Bose has extensively written about the land rights and social organisation among the Mundas. Due to their contact with the Britishers, middle men called Khunt Kattidars from outside the tribe, entered the social scene. They exercised absolute rights over the land and thus weilded considerable political powers.
Aspects of Land Rights: Thus the land rights among the Mundas got modified as they came under different political control. The Khunt Kattidars paid annual rents to the jagirdars and kings.
Social Aspects of Production: Consequently Munda land rights diminished and they were impoverished. Each society produces the object that is considered valuable in its own context and is termed as a product. A product has value in use and exchange value. It is important to note that an object regarded as a product in a particular society may not be so in another society e.g. cow dung in India which has use value as fuel and are bought and sold, is not considered valuable in another society.
Services and Production: Apart from those who are directly involved in the production process, it is important to take into account the services to those who appear seemingly unconnected with the production of goods while calculating the total production of goods, e.g. services of clergymen, professors, artists etc. There are some services which remain outside the review of production.
Women and Production: Unpaid work particularly that of a woman in the domestic sphere is largely ignored, yet such work is just as necessary to the economy as paid employment. It has been estimated that housework is equivalent in value to about a third of the total production per year in a modern economy. The housework is patently work, as exhausting and demanding as most types of industrial labour, yet the housewife’s productive activity is concealed. This reveals an inherent gender bias in the society.
Technology and Production: Technology is an important aspect of production which along with the social structure and culture of that society determines the level of production
Production, a socially defined activity, involves producing those objects which are deemed valuable by the society. Thus it is the society which determines what is valuable and what is to be produced. A product, thus, is an object which is socially valuable. It has value in use and value in exchange.
Production and Social Factors : Human beings are in the process of social production which includes society, culture, religion, economic production and they are linked with economic production. Nature also plays role in affecting the type of social relations that get develop in any kind of society. Since production is a social activity, people enter into definite relations during the production process which are guided by the ownership rules of the resources.
An illustration is provided in the case of Mundas of Ranchi district in Jharkhand. Traditionally these tribals practised slash and burn agriculture, that is cultivating on the patch of forest land which was cleared by burning. The anthropologist N.K. Bose has extensively written about the land rights and social organisation among the Mundas. Due to their contact with the Britishers, middle men called Khunt Kattidars from outside the tribe, entered the social scene. They exercised absolute rights over the land and thus weilded considerable political powers.
Aspects of Land Rights: Thus the land rights among the Mundas got modified as they came under different political control. The Khunt Kattidars paid annual rents to the jagirdars and kings.
Social Aspects of Production: Consequently Munda land rights diminished and they were impoverished. Each society produces the object that is considered valuable in its own context and is termed as a product. A product has value in use and exchange value. It is important to note that an object regarded as a product in a particular society may not be so in another society e.g. cow dung in India which has use value as fuel and are bought and sold, is not considered valuable in another society.
Services and Production: Apart from those who are directly involved in the production process, it is important to take into account the services to those who appear seemingly unconnected with the production of goods while calculating the total production of goods, e.g. services of clergymen, professors, artists etc. There are some services which remain outside the review of production.
Women and Production: Unpaid work particularly that of a woman in the domestic sphere is largely ignored, yet such work is just as necessary to the economy as paid employment. It has been estimated that housework is equivalent in value to about a third of the total production per year in a modern economy. The housework is patently work, as exhausting and demanding as most types of industrial labour, yet the housewife’s productive activity is concealed. This reveals an inherent gender bias in the society.
Technology and Production: Technology is an important aspect of production which along with the social structure and culture of that society determines the level of production