(i) The 8086 microprocessor uses segment registers to manage memory access. Each segment register holds a 16-bit value that specifies the starting address of a segment in memory. For example, the CS (code segment) register holds the starting address of the current code segment, and the DS (data segment) register holds the starting address of the current data segment.

The segment registers are used to calculate the physical address of a memory location by combining the segment address with an offset within the segment. For example, if the DS register holds the value 0x1000 and the offset of a memory location is 0x0100, the physical address of the memory location would be 0x1000 + 0x0100 = 0x1100.

(ii) Interrupt handling in the 8086 microprocessor involves responding to interrupt requests from external devices or software. An interrupt request is a signal that indicates that an event has occurred that requires the attention of the microprocessor. When an interrupt request is received, the microprocessor saves the current state of the program and jumps to a predefined address to execute the interrupt service routine (ISR) that is associated with the interrupt request.

The 8086 microprocessor has two types of interrupts: maskable interrupts and non-maskable interrupts. Maskable interrupts can be disabled or enabled using the interrupt mask flag (IF) in the flags register. Non-maskable interrupts cannot be disabled and are typically used for critical events, such as a power failure or a hardware error.

(iii) The 8086 microprocessor provides a number of bit manipulation instructions that are used to manipulate individual bits within a byte or word. Here are four examples of bit manipulation instructions in 8086 assembly language:

• BT (bit test) is used to test the value of a specified bit in a byte or word. The instruction takes two operands: a register or memory location, and a bit number. For example, the instruction BT AX, 3 tests the value of bit 3 in the AX register, and sets the zero flag (ZF) in the flags register to 1 if the bit is 0, or 0 if the bit is 1.

• BSF (bit scan forward) is used to find the first set bit (1) in a byte or word, and store the bit number in the destination operand. For example, the instruction BSF AX, BX scans the value in the AX register and stores the bit number of the first set bit in the BX register.

• BSR (bit scan reverse) is similar to BSF, but it finds the last set bit (1) in a byte or word, and stores the bit number in the destination operand. For example, the instruction BSR AX, BX scans the value in the AX register and stores the bit number of the last set bit in the BX register.

• BTR (bit test and reset) is used to test the value of a specified bit in a byte or word, and reset it to 0 if it is 1. The instruction takes two operands: a register or memory location, and a bit number. For example, the instruction BTR AX, 3 tests the value of bit 3 in the AX register, and sets it to 0 if it is 1.